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Constructing Phylogenetic Tree using UPGMA Method

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UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) is a distance-based method for constructing phylogenetic trees. It works by iteratively clustering the two closest groups of sequences together, forming a new cluster until all sequences are grouped into a single tree. The distances between clusters are calculated using the average of all pairwise distances between sequences within those clusters. UPGMA produces rooted trees, meaning it has a defined root representing the common ancestor. Here's a more detailed explanation: 1. Distance Matrix UPGMA begins with a distance matrix, which contains the pairwise distances between all sequences being compared. These distances can be based on sequence alignment, protein structure comparisons, or other relevant metrics. \[D_{i,j}=\max\begin{cases}D_{i-1,j-1} & + & s(a_i,b_j) \\D_{i-1,j} & + & s(a_i,-) \\D_{i,j-1} & + & s(-,b_j)\end{cases}=\max\begin{cases}D_{i-1,j-1}& + ...
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Predicting Functional Regions in the Protein Sequence using SMART

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Prediction of functional regions in the protein sequence plays a crucial role in the computer-aided drug discovery. SMART (a Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool) helps identify and annotate protein domains and analyze domain architectures by BLAST search. In bioinformatics, domains refer to distinct functional, structural, or evolutionary units within proteins, DNA, or RNA. Here are some key types of domains in bioinformatics: 1. Protein Domains Structural Domains : Compact, independently folding units within a protein (e.g., SH3, zinc finger, immunoglobulin domains). Functional Domains : Regions responsible for specific biochemical activities (e.g., kinase domain, DNA-binding domain). Evolutionary Domains : Conserved regions indicating common ancestry (e.g., Pfam domains). 2. DNA/RNA Domains Regulatory Domains : DNA regions controlling gene expression (e.g., promoters, enhancers). Functional RNA Domains : Motifs in non-coding RNAs (e.g., ribozyme catalytic cor...
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YouTube Video ID Grabber - Works for both video and shorts

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This page is designed to extract the video ID from a YouTube video URL. I have used a simple JavaScript regular expression to match the pattern and extract the video ID from the string. The JavaScript regular expression code is provided below, /[?=/]([A-Za-z0-9_-]{10}[AEIMQUYcgkosw048])[?=/]*?/g Live demonstration: YouTube Video ID Grabber Enter the YouTube URL Regular Expression Explanation [ Character set. Match any character in the set. ? Character. Matches a "?" character (char code 63). = Character. Matches a "=" character (char code 61). / Character. Matches a "/" character (char code 47). ] ( Capturing group #1. Groups multiple tokens together and creates a capture grou...
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Isaac Newton's Apple Falling Animation Effect using Google and Chrome DevTools

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Google has released an amazing animation effect that appears when you click on the apple on the page that appears when you search for " Isaac Newton " or " Sakura ." This is my simple try with a tiny JavaScript to create additional effects, like more apples falling automatically without clicking on the apple image. The effect appears on the screen as a live wallpaper. The JavaScript code used in the video tutorial is bellow, setInterval(function() { document.getElementsByClassName("smm4bb")[0].click(); }, 100); Note: To paste code into the terminal, enter "allow pasting" when requested. If you don't put "allow pasting," nothing will happen and no code will be pasted. The warning won't appear again after pasting permission has been granted.
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Hindu Mythology of Orion's Belt (Usha, Aniruddha, and Chitralekha)

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Orion refers to a prominent constellation ( a group of fixed stars ) visible to the naked eye. It is named after a hunter in Greek mythology and is easily recognizable due to its distinctive shape and bright stars, such as Betelgeuse and Rigel . Whereas Orion's Belt is a pattern in the constellation of Orion. This belt consists of three bright stars— Alnitak , Alnilam , and Mintaka —aligned in a straight line, making it one of the most identifiable features in the night sky. Many cultures have their own interpretations of Orion's Belt, often associating them with various myths and legends. In this article, the Orion's Belt is connected to a Hindu mythology. Sanskrit Tamil Name Star Name Constellation Position Uṣā உஷா Alnitak Zeta (ζ) Orion 0°49’ Aniruddha அனிருத்தா Alnilam Epsilon (ε) Orion 29°36’ Citralekhā சித்ரலேகா Mintaka Delta (δ) Orion 28°30’ The Orion's Belt is seen in the image above, which is associated with Greek mythology. T...
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Binary Matrix to Cladogram Construction using NTSYSpc

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NTSYSpc (Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System) is a simple and light-weight statistical software used for cluster analysis of molecular genetic qualitative data. The broad features of NTSYSpc include similarity/dissimilarity, clustering, graph theoretic methods, ordination, interactive graphics, multivariate tests, geometric morphometrics, and comparison of matrices. This brief video tutorial illustrates how to use NTSYSpc to create a cladogram ( a tree diagram that shows the cladistic relationship between several populations/species ) from a binary matrix. The table made up of 0s and 1s is represented by the binary matrix. On the other hand, 1 denotes the presence of character, 0 denotes the absence of character ( trait ), and a blank area denotes the absence of character.
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Free Mathematics Problem Solving using Google

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It is an online free mathematics problem solving tool by Google. Your maths problem will be shared with maths providers ( GeoGebra, QuickMath, Alpertron, Mathway, Symbolab, eMathHelp, Tiger Algebra, Gauthmath, Matrix Calculator, dCode, TutorEva, MathCelebrity, Qanda, CameraMath, ScanMath, Mathforyou, or MathDF ) and processed according to their privacy policies. No other data will be shared. It supports both manual problem typing and scan and upload images (process through OCR technology). We can solve a variety of problems namely linear equations, polynomials, quadratic equations, rational expressions, exponents, complex numbers, trigonometry, inequalities, system of linear equations, radicals, absolute values, logarithms, probably, integrals, derivatives, vectors, and matrices . The rich feature of the tools is that we can get a step-by-step explanation of the problem solving.
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