Posts

PCA, PCoA, and Tree Plot using NTSYSpc

Image
This tutorial explains how to perform P rincipal C omponent A nalysis (PCA) and P rincipal C oordinate A nalysis (PCoA) of multivariate data using the NTSYSpc tool. NTSYSpc ( N umerical T axonomy and Multivariate Analysis SYS tem for p ersonal c omputer) is a simple and efficient statistical tool used to find patterns and display structures in multivariate data. The tool used in this tutorial is NTSYSpc v2.11a . In this tutorial, I have used a sample allelic data matrix (shown below). The matrix file consists of molecular weight size marker (rows) and sample/loci (columns). \[M_{mw,s}=\begin{bmatrix}0&0&1&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&1&0&0\\0&0&1&1&1&1\\1&1&1&0&0&0\\0&1&1&1&0&0\\0&0&1&1&1&1\\0&0&0&0&1&1\\1&0&0&0&0&0\\1&1&0&0&0&0\\1&1&0&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0...

Benefits of Falling Lizard

Image
பல்லி விழும் பலன்கள். Benefits of falling lizard in human body parts. பல்லி விழும் பலன்கள் உறுப்பு இடம் வலம் தலை கலகம் துன்பம் வயிறு தானியம் மகிழ்ச்சி கண் சுகம் சிறைபயம் பிருஷ்டம் சுகம் செல்வம் ...

TNEB Bill Calculator

Image
நீங்கள் வீட்டில் இருந்தபடியே உங்கள் மின் உபயோக கட்டணத் தொகை சுலபமாக அறிந்து கொள்ளலாம். TNEB Bill Calculator - 2022 (Revised on September 09, 2022) For Domestic Usage Only Units Consumed: Units ( u ) Subsidy (≤ 100 u ) Unit Range Unit Cost From To ≤ 100 ₹ 4.50 × u 1 100 ₹ 0.00 ≤ 200 ₹ 450 1 100 ₹ 0.00 101 200 ₹ 2.25 ≤ 400 ₹ 450 1 10...

RNA-RNA Interaction Prediction and Visualization

Image
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a linear polymeric molecule composed of four bases namely adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U). It is used for the prediction of various functions which include coding, decoding, regulation, and gene expression. The prediction of RNA–RNA interaction plays a major role in the study of structure folding and free energy of RNA complex molecule. This is a video tutorial for RNA-RNA interaction prediction using RactIP (RNA-RNA interACTion prediction using IP) and visualize inter and/or intramolecular base-pair interactions using VARNA (Visualization Applet for RNA) tools. The list of tools used is RactIP and VARNA .

Best Fonts to Display Biological Sequence and Alignment

Image
Biological sequence alignment is a method to find similarities between two sequences. The characters (letters or biological sequence alphabets) are arranged row-wise and column-wise according to match/identity and mismatch of characters through symbol representation. In row-wise, a gap character (hyphen symbol ‘-’) is used to align/adjust the sequence characters for matching without changing the order. Correspondingly, the column-wise characters such as match (same character, pipe symbol ‘|’, colon symbol ‘:’, asterisk symbol ‘*’, or dot symbol ‘.’), mismatch (anyone of the sequence character, or blank space ‘ ’), positive (positive symbol ‘+’), and gap/indel (blank space ‘ ’) are used to represent sequence alignment. A sequence or sequence alignment must be properly formatted in a text editor/word processor using fixed-width fonts to find the differences of characters in the s...

Creating Custom Database using Standalone NCBI BLAST+

Image
Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) is a collection of programs developed using heuristic algorithm in C++ for comparing DNA, RNA, and protein sequences. The standalone command-line interface (CLI) of BLAST is named as BLAST+. The latest version of NCBI BLAST+ can be downloaded from the FTP server of NCBI ( ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/blast/executables/blast+/LATEST ). This is a simple tutorial for creating a custom database, accessing the database, and performing a sequence search using BLAST+. 1. Creating a Custom Database A nucleotide ( nucl ) or protein ( prot ) database can be created using -dbtype parameter in makeblastdb program. We can create two types of database using command-line below, Non-indexed Database: ./makeblastdb -in DBX.fasta -out DBX -dbtype prot Building a new DB, current time: 12/04/2020 10:10:06 New DB name: C:\NCBI\blast-2.6.0+\bin\DBX New DB title: DBX.fasta Sequence type: Protein Keep MBits: T Maximum file size: 1000000000B Adding sequences ...

Synthesis and Retrosynthesis of Molecule(s) for Drug Development using IBM RXN

Image
Synthesis is a step-by-step process of constructing complex molecules using a set of molecules and specific reagents. While retrosynthesis (retro- backwards) is the process of deconstructing a molecule into readily available simple molecules. IBM RXN is the first, FREE artificial intelligence (AI) web service for predicting reactions and retrosynthesis molecules. Moreover, the AI model is independent of atom-mapping and give back a confidence level of the prediction. In this tutorial, I have explained synthesis and retrosynthesis of a molecule using IBM RXN. List of resources used in this video tutorial are IBM RXN , and NCBI PubChem .